Ghana’s estimated housing deficit declined from 2.8 million units in 2010 to 1.8 million in 2021, but persistent gaps in access to electricity, sanitation and decent settlement conditions continue to affect households across the country.
The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) says the improvement in the housing shortfall has not eliminated the challenges associated with the availability and distribution of homes and basic services, particularly as the country’s urban population continues to grow.
The figures are contained in the Ghana in Numbers, 2025, a flagship publication released by the Service on November 2, which brings together population, housing and basic-service indicators to guide development planning.
According to the report, the 2021 Population and Housing Census counted about 10 million dwelling units, while the estimated housing deficit stood at approximately 1.8 million units.
The GSS, however, cautioned that the deficit was an estimate based on the number of homes required and available. It did not, on its own, measure housing quality, affordability or the number of vacant homes.
Basic-service gaps persist
Despite improvements in access to essential services over the years, the report identifies significant gaps in household access to electricity and improved sanitation.
The proportion of households with electricity increased from 43.8 per cent in 2000 to 86.3 per cent in 2021.
Access to improved drinking water also rose from 60.7 per cent to 92 per cent over the same period, while improved sanitation increased from 44.8 per cent in 2010 to 69 per cent in 2022.
Nevertheless, about one in seven households still has no electricity, while almost one in three lacks an improved toilet.
The report further indicates that 30.8 per cent of Ghana’s urban population lives in slums or informal settlements, underscoring the uneven conditions in which many urban residents live.
Smaller households, rising housing needs
The GSS also reported that the average household size had fallen to 3.6 people, the lowest recorded level.
It explained that the decline in household size could increase the number of homes required, even when population growth slows, as more households would need separate accommodation.
The trend has implications for housing demand and urban planning, particularly as the country’s urban population expands.
About 19.8 million people, representing 58.7 per cent of Ghana’s population, lived in urban areas in 2025, according to the report.
Ghana became more urban than rural in 2010, when 12.55 million people lived in urban areas, compared with 12.11 million in rural communities. By 2021, the urban population had risen to 17.47 million, against 13.36 million in rural areas.
GSS urges localised planning
Government Statistician, Dr Alhassan Iddrisu, said the statistics should guide decisions on the provision of housing and essential services at the community level.
“Use local figures, not national averages, to decide where the next cedi goes, because averages hide differences,” he said.
He said population data should help determine “where schools, clinics and homes must go”, stressing the importance of using local evidence to identify communities with the greatest needs.
The Service said district-level figures could help policymakers identify areas where gaps in housing, water, sanitation, electricity and other services were most pronounced.
The Ghana in Numbers, 2025 publication and related district data are available through the GSS website, StatsBank, the Ghana in Numbers web portal and the GSS Stats App.
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