Ice and the weather were ‘certainly a factor’ in the private jet crash in Florida on Sunday afternoon, according to federal officials.
Nine people were killed after the Learjet 60 nosedived into a multi-lane highway outside Palm Beach, exploding into an enormous fireball.
In roughly one minute, the $2million business jet travelling from Austin, Texas, to the Bahamas plunged over 25,000ft into the ground, crashing into a residential area and killing everyone on board.
‘We have light, clear ice that is manageable and moderate turbulence,’ 20-year-old co-pilot, Nathalia Filgueiras, told the Miami Air Route Traffic Control Centre at 12.47pm.
Cruising at 35,000ft and requesting a climb to 37,000ft, the two-engine Bombardier-made jet then flew into a thunderstorm cell at around 12.48pm.
The aircraft suddenly entered a catastrophic dive exceeding 20,000ft per minute, prompting the crew to declare an emergency.
The final devastating transmission came at 12.49.17pm: ‘We’re out of time’.
Flight-tracking data from ADS-B Exchange showed that the jet had plunged around 27,000ft in approximately one minute before its signal was lost.
The Learjet 60 nose-dived into an intersection in disturbing dash cam footage before bursting into flames
The pilot of the doomed Learjet aircraft may have flown directly into the eye of a thunderstorm before the tragedy, a meteorologist says
Nathalia Gadelha Filgueiras, 20, was co-piloting the Learjet 60 and could be heard in a distressing audio warning to air traffic control that the aircraft was coming down
As moist storm air rises and cools, ice crystals form. ‘Anytime you get moisture up in that cold air, you can get icing conditions,’ Robert E. Joslin, a professor of practice in the department of aerospace engineering at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, told the New York Times.
According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), flying in icing conditions can present ‘operational risks’.
Ice impacts the airframe and engines, which can make it more difficult to maintain the plane’s path and speed and to remain level.
As little as a quarter-inch of ice on the edge of a wing can ’cause sudden departure from controlled flight’, and ice accumulation on some equipment ‘can cause flight instruments to cease operating and can affect airspeed, altimeter and vertical speed indicator indications,’ the NTSB said.
‘It sounds like the plane iced when they flew through the cell,’ Daniel Bubb, a former pilot who now teaches at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, told the Times. ‘They thought at first it was light to moderate icing. But then it sounds like it got really severe. The plane can become almost uncontrollable.’
He said he believed that the jet might have stalled. ‘They couldn’t recover from it, and they crashed,’ he concluded.
According to Dr Joslin, as the Learjet started to lose altitude, its aerodynamic burden would have become untenable. ‘When those airloads get excessive, it can also lead to structural failure, which can exacerbate the situation,’ he said.
Ice accumulation on the cockpit windscreens can also restrict the pilots’ vision of the plane, which is critical as a backup for avoiding terrain collision, aircraft collision and adverse weather, he added.
As Filgueiras and the pilot, 55-year-old Jeff Gregory, were attempting to steer their way out of a fatal scenario, they could have been flying blind.
But even if ice was a factor, human error may have also played a part.
A Learjet 60 has three mechanisms for de-icing: electric heaters in the forward edge of the wings and horizontal stabilisers; an inflatable rubber bladder that can expand to break up ice; and the ability to circulate warm exhaust over the wings.
But for any of the de-icing options to work, ‘the pilots have to activate them’ Mike McCormick, the former director of air traffic control at the Federal Aviation Administration and a professor at Embry-Riddle, told the newspaper.
‘So that’s going to be the big question,’ he added. ‘Were the pilots aware of and were they informed that they were entering into weather conditions that would contribute to ice accumulations?’
Gregory A Feith, a former senior NTSB investigator, theorised that the jet probably encountered ‘clear ice’, suspended water droplets that cover much more area than other kinds of ice encountered in flight.
The pilots may have underestimated the damaging impact the ice had on the flight controls, he added.
They then attempted to deal with the turbulence by climbing, which may have induced a ‘violent pitchover’, he said, triggering what’s known as a ‘tailplane stall’.
Investigators have not yet disclosed whether any structural failure took place, but some people on social media noticed that the jet’s horizontal stabilisers appeared to be missing in photographs from right before the plane hit the ground.
‘We do have some indication that the aircraft was breaking up before impact,’ Tom Chapman, a National Transportation Safety Board member, said at a news conference on Monday.
His remark suggests turbulence may have played a role in the crash.
As the jet approached the storm cell, Filgueiras described ‘moderate turbulence,’ with the Learjet experiencing changes in altitude of 600-700ft, as per her remarks to the flight control centre in Miami.
‘That’s a lot of displacement for a turbulence encounter,’ said Patrick Smith, a pilot who runs the aviation blog Ask the Pilot.
He posited that the horizontal stabilisers could have been ‘torn away by unusually strong turbulence or improper reaction to unusually strong turbulences,’ but caveated it was too early to tell.
Dr Bubb said there was one clear lesson amid the tragedy. ‘This, to me, is just a textbook example of exactly what we’re taught when we’re pilots, and that is, don’t fly through thunderstorms, because you just don’t know their severity,’ he said.
Adam Robinson, 45, and his wife Helen Sharp, 40, were onboard the Learjet 60 alongside their children, Emma, four, and Charlie, two, when it crashed
Jeffrey Gregory, pictured with his wife Cheryl, was piloting the Learjet 60 when it nosedived into a road near West Palm Beach, Florida on Sunday afternoon (JeffnCheryl Corbin-Gregory/Facebook)
Gregory, who was from Gilbertsville, Pennsylvania, was behind the controls and could be heard in distressing cockpit audio reciting the Lord’s Prayer as the Learjet 60 nosedived into the ground.
He had been ferrying tech tycoon Adam Robinson, 45, his wife Helen Sharp, 40, and their children, Emma, four, and Charlie, two, from Austin, Texas, to the Bahamas for Robinson’s birthday when the tragedy occurred, TMZ reports.
Robinson’s friends Rachael Reed and Charmi Fehr, and the children’s nanny, Anita Maria Cetina, were also onboard.
Federal investigators are now trying to determine what may have caused the plane to fall out of the sky at 20,000ft per minute.
Captain Gregory, who had three adult children with his wife Cheryl, was a devote Christian and a member of the Limerick Chapel in Pennsylvania, where both his parents had worked. In a statement to congregants, the church said he ‘went home to be with the Lord’.
David Peters, an old friend of Gregory’s and a former neighbour, remembered the pilot as ‘very diligent and dependable’.
He told the US Sun how Gregory had wanted to be a pilot from a young age, as he recalled how he ‘loved wearing his leather bomber jacket’.
Federal Aviation Administration records show the captain was issued an Airline Transportation Pilot certificate on October 1, 2021, with ratings for multiple jet types – including the Learjet 60.
He also held a First Class medical certificate dated June 2026.
Close friend and colleague Thomas Noetzel has set up a GoFundMe campaign to help Gregory’s family cover everyday expenses and provide financial support for his young daughters’ education.
‘Jeff was also a personal friend, and knowing him has made me a better person,’ he wrote on the fundraising page.
The campaign is accepting both one-time and recurring donations, with Noetzel stressing that ongoing financial assistance would help Gregory’s wife and children in the months and years ahead.
‘Please consider donating or sharing this fundraiser,’ he wrote, urging supporters to help the family through their loss.
The fundraiser had collected $972 from eight donors toward its $16,000 goal as of Tuesday morning.
Family friend Karin Brown took to Facebook to share photographs of the family, writing beneath: ‘Remembering Jeff Gregory and thanking God for his life’.
Family friend Karin Brown took to Facebook to share photographs of the family
He ‘always seemed to have a bent towards righteousness. Came from a godly family who ministered at Limerick Chapel,’ wrote Brown.
He ‘always seemed to have a bent towards righteousness. Came from a godly family who ministered at Limerick Chapel. His dear wife, Cheryl, came and stayed with us in Africa when she did a short term missions trip,’ she added.
Gregory had previously worked for East Coast Aviation, an Allentown-based aviation company from 2016 through 2017, and was a flight instructor with several decades of experience, according to his LinkedIn page.
Following the news of his untimely passing, friends shared their condolences on Gregory and his wife Cheryl’s joint Facebook page.
‘Our hearts are breaking for you Cheryl,’ one friend wrote. ‘Praying that you will know the hope and comfort that only our Savior can give.’
Another friend said she pictured ‘Jeff bowing his head and closing his eyes, preparing his heart to see Jesus while praying The Lord’s Prayer.
‘And as his co-pilot was yelling at him to look out the window, I am sure he was praying for you, Cheryl, and your beautiful family.’
It remains unclear what may have caused the Learjet to plummet into the ground in the town of Greenacres, Florida, where it left a massive crater and destroyed nearby infrastructure.
But when the business jet was heading east over Florida at 35,000 feet, the flight’s co-pilot Nathalia Gadelha Filgueiras could be heard warning air traffic control that the aircraft was coming down.
‘Descending 20,000ft per minute… we’re going to crash into the ground,’ the co-pilot said, as Gregory could be heard reciting the Lord’s Prayer in the background.
Audio from the cockpit captured the young co-pilot attempting to describe the crisis in the Learjet 60 aircraft to air traffic control in the moments before it went down.
She could be heard saying the aircraft had banked 60 degrees, meaning it was flying sideways, and she was noting the altitude changes.
The Daily Mail has chosen not to publish the final seconds of audio, which are extremely distressing.
Filgueiras had also been messaging her fellow pilot boyfriend about facing heavy weather in the minutes before the plane crashed.
Her family told the New York Post that before the crash, Filgueiras texted her boyfriend, Justin: ‘I’ve got turbulence, I’ve got ice.’
NTSB officials say they believe severe weather was a ‘significant factor’ in the disaster and that part of the jet appeared to have broken off before the crash – which occurred just eight miles from President Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago country club.
The president and Air Force One took off from Palm Beach International Airport just an hour before the crash landing, as Trump tried to rally support for Republicans ahead of Tuesday’s midterm elections.
Robinson’s friends, Rachael Reed and Charmi Fehr (pictured) were also killed in the crash
The family’s nanny, Anita Maria Apellido Cetina (pictured), was on board. The victims’ families said she will have a ‘legacy of unconditional love and devotion’
The impact left a massive crater in the middle of the road, damaging nearby infrastructure
Some aviation experts now believe the plane may have fallen foul of ‘coffin corner’ while trying to climb above two storm systems.
Coffin corner is a phenomenon whereby the jet’s minimum safe speed and maximum safe speed converge into a very narrow range at high altitude, making it extremely difficult to fly safely.
If the plane goes too slow or fast it will stall and quickly become uncontrollable.
As the NTSB now continues to investigate what caused the plane to fall out of the sky, the victims’ families remembered Adam and Helen as ‘devoted parents’ and that their children ‘were the light of their lives’.
‘Helen and Adam were the love affair that will last forever,’ the families said in a joint statement.
‘Their warmth, generosity and gift for making people feel welcome touched so many lives. Their loss will be felt deeply by all those who loved them and who they loved in return.’
The statement continued: ‘Charmi and Rachel were full of joy and adventure. They loved their people fiercely, fully and without hesitation. From the moment they met, they were all in on each other and the life they were building. They are deeply loved, and we will miss them endlessly.
‘Anita Maria cared for Emma and Charlie with tenderness and devotion, and she was truly part of the family. She showed us a legacy of unconditional love and devotion.’
‘On behalf of friends and family, it is with a heavy heart that we share that our dearest Helen was taken from us too soon,’ read a statement from her family.
‘To know Helen was to love her. The number of people grieving Helen and Adam is a testament to how many people were lucky enough to have them in their lives.’
